Cell: The Unit of Life

5. Eukaryotic Cells
5.3 Endomembrane System

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1. While each of the membranous organelles is distinct in terms of its structure and function, many of these are considered together as an endomembrane system because___

2. The endomembrane system includes ____

3. Since the functions of the _____ are not coordinated with the above components, these are not considered as part of the endomembrane system.

4. Electron microscopic studies of eukaryotic cells reveal the presence of a network or reticulum of tiny tubular structures scattered in the cytoplasm that is called the ____.

5. Hence, ER divides the intracellular space into two distinct compartments, i.e., ____.

6. The ER often shows ____ attached to their outer surface.

7. The endoplasmic reticulum bearing ribosomes on their surface is called ____.

8. In the absence of ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum appears smooth and is called ____.

9. RER is frequently observed in the cells actively involved in ____.

10. RER are extensive and continuous with the ____.

11. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the major site for ____.

12. In animal cells ____ are synthesised in SER.

13. _____ first observed densely stained reticular structures near the nucleus.

14. Golgi apparatus were later named ____ after him.

15. Golgi bodies consist of many flat, disc-shaped sacs or cisternae of ____ diameter.

16. Golgi bodies are stacked ____ to each other.

17. Varied number of ____ are present in a Golgi complex.

18. The Golgi cisternae are concentrically arranged near the nucleus with distinct convex cis or the ____ face and concave trans or the ____ face.

19. The cis and the trans faces of the Golgi apparatus are ____.

20. The Golgi apparatus principally performs the function of ____ to be delivered either to the ____.

21. Materials to be packaged in the form of vesicles from the ER fuse with the ____ face of the Golgi apparatus and move towards the ____ face.

22. This explains why the Golgi apparatus remains in close association with the ____.

23. A number of proteins synthesised by ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum are modified in the ____ of the Golgi apparatus before they are released from its ____.

24. Golgi apparatus is the important site of formation of ____.

25. Lysosomes are ____ vesicular structures formed by the process of packaging in the Golgi apparatus.

26. The isolated lysosomal vesicles are rich in ____ enzymes that are optimally active at acidic pH.(The isolated lysosomal vesicles have been found to be very rich in almost all types of ____ enzymes (hydrolases - lipases, proteases, carbohydrases) optimally active at the acidic pH.)

27. Lysosomes enzymes are capable of digesting ____.

28. The vacuoles are the ____ spaces found in the cytoplasm.

29. Vacuoles contain ____ not useful for the cell.

30. The vacuole is bound by a single membrane called ____.

31. In plant cells the vacuoles can occupy up to ____ of the volume of the cell.

32. In plants, the tonoplast facilitates the transport of a number of ions and other materials ____ into the vacuole, hence their concentration is significantly higher in the vacuole than in the cytoplasm.

33. In Amoeba the contractile vacuole is important for ____.

34. In many cells, as in protists, ____ are formed by engulfing the food particles.





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